Grammar is something that people either love or dislike. People who are passionate about grammar generally recognize the logic behind its rules, while those who hate it often get frustrated by the constant exceptions to the rules. Twelve fundamental rules form the foundation of English grammar. The subjects of these rules are nouns , pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, as well as punctuation. Nouns and pronouns The first noun rule is related to spelling changes in plural forms. Consonant -y transforms into consonant -ies in "skies," and nouns ending in glottal sounds like "sh" take -es. The second rule is applicable to pronouns that substitute for nouns: Pronouns must clearly refer to the preceding antecedent. In the example of the sentence "Liz drove her vehicle and put it in the parking lot" the pronoun "it" clearly refers back to the prior "car". The third rule concerns a common pronoun mistake: "who" vs. "wh...